TP25-08 The Invisible Source of Lost Heat TransferBiofilm is a hidden cause of lost heat transfer efficiency in heat exchangers and chillers. Surprisingly, few water treatment suppliers are aware of this loss of heat transfer efficiency and dont conduct measurements of the bacteria in the biofilm. Its difficult to control conventional biofilm treatment (non oxidizing biocides) because the water treatment supplier must estimate the chemical dose and feed schedule. There are several methods to measure

This publication addresses general information and considerations that may be explored by cooling technology companies in developing such plans and mitigating against related risks

This paper discusses the differences between bromine and chlorine chemistry especially the effects of pH and ammonia

the air moisture content entering a cooling tower may be measured either with a relative humidity sensor

but the environmental and safety risks have left operators searching for alternatives

The cooling tower industry can no longer afford

being called into question

Graphic data is also presented to demonstrate the value of various winter modes of operation

The use of water as a heat transfer medium has historically been practiced in a wide variety of industrial applications

The thermodynamics and surface phenomena associated with the water chemistry in scale formation will be delineated

The use of alternate hardware material is also discussed

To address the need for more effective deposit control and the ability to operate at higher cycles of concentration

can lead to a nightmare scenario of microbiological fouling in cooling towers and cooling systems